Weighted Regressions
Baseline characteristics
Model: \[ipl12s = female + read + speak + householdSize + homeCountry + educationLevel + \epsilon\]
Statistical models
|
|
Overall
|
Linguistic
|
Political
|
Social
|
Economic
|
Psychological
|
Navigational
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.214***
|
-0.250***
|
0.122***
|
0.021
|
0.382***
|
0.669***
|
0.374***
|
|
|
(0.018)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.046)
|
(0.036)
|
(0.042)
|
(0.041)
|
(0.045)
|
|
female
|
-0.023***
|
-0.000
|
-0.019
|
-0.017
|
-0.073***
|
-0.038**
|
-0.005
|
|
|
(0.008)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.016)
|
(0.018)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.018)
|
|
read
|
0.042***
|
0.125***
|
0.034***
|
0.049***
|
0.008
|
0.001
|
0.043***
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
speak
|
0.037***
|
0.125***
|
0.016
|
0.029**
|
0.009
|
0.020*
|
0.011
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
householdSize
|
0.001
|
-0.000***
|
-0.006
|
0.005
|
-0.004
|
0.008**
|
-0.001
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
|
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa
|
-0.015
|
0.000*
|
0.024
|
0.037
|
0.007
|
-0.154***
|
-0.003
|
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedIraq
|
0.055***
|
0.000
|
0.198***
|
0.075***
|
-0.053*
|
0.050**
|
0.040
|
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.029)
|
|
bcountryBinnedOther
|
-0.004
|
-0.000
|
0.067**
|
-0.004
|
-0.046*
|
-0.078***
|
0.038
|
|
|
(0.013)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.029)
|
|
bcountryBinnedSomalia
|
0.018
|
0.000
|
0.028
|
-0.077*
|
-0.032
|
-0.066
|
0.215***
|
|
|
(0.024)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.057)
|
(0.046)
|
(0.054)
|
(0.048)
|
(0.053)
|
|
bcountryBinnedUkraine
|
0.030**
|
0.000
|
0.209***
|
-0.017
|
0.006
|
-0.093***
|
0.028
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
educationTercilesMedium education
|
-0.000
|
-0.000
|
0.027
|
0.002
|
0.031
|
-0.030
|
-0.013
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.022)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.021)
|
|
educationTercilesHigh education
|
0.007
|
0.000
|
0.098***
|
0.017
|
0.045*
|
-0.049**
|
-0.065**
|
|
|
(0.012)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.023)
|
(0.025)
|
|
R2
|
0.512
|
1.000
|
0.211
|
0.199
|
0.067
|
0.108
|
0.083
|
|
Adj. R2
|
0.506
|
1.000
|
0.202
|
0.190
|
0.056
|
0.098
|
0.072
|
|
Num. obs.
|
889
|
1031
|
980
|
1010
|
952
|
1014
|
1002
|
|
RMSE
|
0.298
|
0.000
|
0.699
|
0.658
|
0.656
|
0.636
|
0.681
|
|
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1
|
Years in US
Model: \[ipl12s = yearsInUS + \epsilon\]
Statistical models
|
|
Overall
|
Linguistic
|
Political
|
Social
|
Economic
|
Psychological
|
Navigational
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.411***
|
0.426***
|
0.283***
|
0.247***
|
0.359***
|
0.638***
|
0.498***
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.016)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.015)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.015)
|
|
years_in_us
|
0.016***
|
0.020***
|
0.022***
|
0.013***
|
0.006
|
0.013***
|
0.012***
|
|
|
(0.003)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
|
R2
|
0.057
|
0.021
|
0.033
|
0.012
|
0.003
|
0.015
|
0.012
|
|
Adj. R2
|
0.056
|
0.021
|
0.032
|
0.012
|
0.002
|
0.014
|
0.011
|
|
Num. obs.
|
963
|
1129
|
1078
|
1113
|
1039
|
1115
|
1102
|
|
RMSE
|
0.413
|
0.886
|
0.767
|
0.730
|
0.681
|
0.671
|
0.710
|
|
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1
|
Loess curves:


Years in US + Baseline characteristics
Model: \[ipl12s = yearsInUS + female + read + speak + householdSize + homeCountry + educationLevel + \epsilon\]
Statistical models
|
|
Overall
|
Linguistic
|
Political
|
Social
|
Economic
|
Psychological
|
Navigational
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.205***
|
-0.250***
|
0.098**
|
0.017
|
0.373***
|
0.668***
|
0.365***
|
|
|
(0.019)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.046)
|
(0.037)
|
(0.043)
|
(0.040)
|
(0.045)
|
|
years_in_us
|
0.005**
|
-0.000***
|
0.011**
|
0.002
|
0.004
|
0.001
|
0.005
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.005)
|
|
female
|
-0.022***
|
-0.000
|
-0.019
|
-0.017
|
-0.073***
|
-0.038**
|
-0.004
|
|
|
(0.008)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.016)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.018)
|
|
read
|
0.042***
|
0.125***
|
0.034***
|
0.049***
|
0.008
|
0.001
|
0.043***
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
speak
|
0.036***
|
0.125***
|
0.013
|
0.028**
|
0.009
|
0.020*
|
0.010
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
householdSize
|
0.000
|
-0.000***
|
-0.006
|
0.005
|
-0.004
|
0.008**
|
-0.001
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
|
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa
|
-0.016
|
0.000**
|
0.021
|
0.037
|
0.007
|
-0.154***
|
-0.004
|
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedIraq
|
0.044***
|
0.000*
|
0.170***
|
0.071**
|
-0.063**
|
0.049*
|
0.029
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedOther
|
-0.006
|
0.000
|
0.062**
|
-0.005
|
-0.048*
|
-0.078***
|
0.036
|
|
|
(0.013)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.029)
|
|
bcountryBinnedSomalia
|
0.010
|
0.000
|
0.007
|
-0.079*
|
-0.039
|
-0.067
|
0.207***
|
|
|
(0.025)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.058)
|
(0.046)
|
(0.055)
|
(0.049)
|
(0.053)
|
|
bcountryBinnedUkraine
|
0.035**
|
0.000***
|
0.222***
|
-0.015
|
0.010
|
-0.093***
|
0.033
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
educationTercilesMedium education
|
0.000
|
-0.000
|
0.027
|
0.002
|
0.032
|
-0.030
|
-0.013
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.022)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.021)
|
|
educationTercilesHigh education
|
0.008
|
0.000
|
0.098***
|
0.017
|
0.044*
|
-0.049**
|
-0.065**
|
|
|
(0.012)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.023)
|
(0.026)
|
|
R2
|
0.515
|
1.000
|
0.217
|
0.199
|
0.068
|
0.108
|
0.084
|
|
Adj. R2
|
0.509
|
1.000
|
0.208
|
0.190
|
0.056
|
0.097
|
0.073
|
|
Num. obs.
|
889
|
1031
|
980
|
1010
|
952
|
1014
|
1002
|
|
RMSE
|
0.297
|
0.000
|
0.696
|
0.658
|
0.656
|
0.637
|
0.681
|
|
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1
|
Years in US + Baseline characteristics + State fixed effects
Model: \[ipl12s = yearsInUS + female + read + speak + householdSize + homeCountry + educationLevel + currentState + \epsilon\]
Statistical models
|
|
Overall
|
Linguistic
|
Political
|
Social
|
Economic
|
Psychological
|
Navigational
|
|
years_in_us
|
0.005**
|
-0.000***
|
0.011**
|
0.001
|
0.006
|
-0.000
|
0.006
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
|
female
|
-0.017**
|
-0.000*
|
-0.016
|
-0.015
|
-0.064***
|
-0.030*
|
0.005
|
|
|
(0.008)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.018)
|
(0.018)
|
|
read
|
0.040***
|
0.125***
|
0.030**
|
0.041***
|
0.011
|
0.001
|
0.047***
|
|
|
(0.007)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
|
speak
|
0.037***
|
0.125***
|
0.013
|
0.035***
|
0.006
|
0.017
|
0.008
|
|
|
(0.007)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.015)
|
|
householdSize
|
0.001
|
0.000***
|
-0.006
|
0.005
|
-0.004
|
0.009**
|
-0.000
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
|
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa
|
-0.023
|
0.000
|
0.014
|
0.011
|
0.038
|
-0.187***
|
0.011
|
|
|
(0.016)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.036)
|
(0.034)
|
(0.034)
|
(0.033)
|
(0.036)
|
|
bcountryBinnedIraq
|
0.040**
|
-0.000
|
0.173***
|
0.063*
|
-0.038
|
0.019
|
0.032
|
|
|
(0.017)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.035)
|
(0.034)
|
(0.034)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.035)
|
|
bcountryBinnedOther
|
-0.011
|
-0.000
|
0.056*
|
-0.024
|
-0.024
|
-0.102***
|
0.037
|
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedSomalia
|
-0.012
|
-0.000
|
-0.014
|
-0.063
|
-0.032
|
-0.128**
|
0.120**
|
|
|
(0.027)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.070)
|
(0.044)
|
(0.064)
|
(0.056)
|
(0.060)
|
|
bcountryBinnedUkraine
|
0.027
|
0.000
|
0.218***
|
-0.038
|
0.026
|
-0.118***
|
0.020
|
|
|
(0.017)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.038)
|
(0.034)
|
(0.037)
|
(0.035)
|
(0.038)
|
|
educationTercilesMedium education
|
-0.000
|
-0.000
|
0.026
|
0.002
|
0.037*
|
-0.028
|
-0.013
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.023)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.022)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.021)
|
|
educationTercilesHigh education
|
0.013
|
-0.000*
|
0.103***
|
0.025
|
0.049*
|
-0.032
|
-0.059**
|
|
|
(0.012)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.026)
|
|
R2
|
0.546
|
1.000
|
0.268
|
0.254
|
0.119
|
0.143
|
0.156
|
|
Adj. R2
|
0.518
|
1.000
|
0.226
|
0.213
|
0.069
|
0.095
|
0.109
|
|
Num. obs.
|
857
|
991
|
941
|
971
|
914
|
974
|
966
|
|
RMSE
|
0.296
|
0.000
|
0.693
|
0.654
|
0.657
|
0.639
|
0.671
|
|
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1
|
Interactions
Female \(\times\) Years in US
Statistical models
|
|
Overall
|
Linguistic
|
Political
|
Social
|
Economic
|
Psychological
|
Navigational
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.201***
|
-0.250***
|
0.102**
|
0.022
|
0.366***
|
0.662***
|
0.356***
|
|
|
(0.018)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.048)
|
(0.037)
|
(0.043)
|
(0.041)
|
(0.046)
|
|
female
|
-0.008
|
-0.000
|
-0.035
|
-0.034
|
-0.048
|
-0.015
|
0.027
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.034)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.034)
|
|
years_in_us
|
0.006**
|
-0.000***
|
0.010*
|
-0.000
|
0.007
|
0.003
|
0.008
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
|
read
|
0.042***
|
0.125***
|
0.035***
|
0.049***
|
0.007
|
0.000
|
0.041***
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
speak
|
0.036***
|
0.125***
|
0.013
|
0.028**
|
0.009
|
0.021*
|
0.011
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
householdSize
|
0.000
|
-0.000***
|
-0.006
|
0.005
|
-0.004
|
0.008**
|
-0.001
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
|
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa
|
-0.016
|
0.000
|
0.021
|
0.037
|
0.006
|
-0.155***
|
-0.005
|
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedIraq
|
0.044***
|
0.000**
|
0.171***
|
0.072**
|
-0.064**
|
0.047*
|
0.028
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedOther
|
-0.007
|
0.000
|
0.063**
|
-0.003
|
-0.049*
|
-0.080***
|
0.034
|
|
|
(0.013)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.029)
|
|
bcountryBinnedSomalia
|
0.011
|
0.000
|
0.007
|
-0.079*
|
-0.038
|
-0.068
|
0.207***
|
|
|
(0.025)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.057)
|
(0.046)
|
(0.055)
|
(0.049)
|
(0.053)
|
|
bcountryBinnedUkraine
|
0.033**
|
0.000
|
0.225***
|
-0.013
|
0.007
|
-0.097***
|
0.028
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.033)
|
|
educationTercilesMedium education
|
0.001
|
-0.000
|
0.026
|
0.001
|
0.033
|
-0.029
|
-0.012
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.022)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.021)
|
|
educationTercilesHigh education
|
0.008
|
-0.000
|
0.098***
|
0.017
|
0.045*
|
-0.049**
|
-0.065**
|
|
|
(0.012)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.023)
|
(0.025)
|
|
female:years_in_us
|
-0.004
|
-0.000
|
0.004
|
0.005
|
-0.007
|
-0.007
|
-0.009
|
|
|
(0.004)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.009)
|
|
R2
|
0.516
|
1.000
|
0.218
|
0.200
|
0.069
|
0.109
|
0.085
|
|
Adj. R2
|
0.509
|
1.000
|
0.207
|
0.189
|
0.056
|
0.097
|
0.073
|
|
Num. obs.
|
889
|
1031
|
980
|
1010
|
952
|
1014
|
1002
|
|
RMSE
|
0.297
|
0.000
|
0.696
|
0.658
|
0.656
|
0.637
|
0.681
|
|
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1
|
Read \(\times\) Years in US
Statistical models
|
|
Overall
|
Linguistic
|
Political
|
Social
|
Economic
|
Psychological
|
Navigational
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.218***
|
-0.250***
|
0.145**
|
0.026
|
0.419***
|
0.705***
|
0.392***
|
|
|
(0.022)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.057)
|
(0.044)
|
(0.050)
|
(0.050)
|
(0.057)
|
|
female
|
-0.022**
|
-0.000
|
-0.018
|
-0.017
|
-0.072***
|
-0.038**
|
-0.004
|
|
|
(0.008)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.016)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.018)
|
|
read
|
0.038***
|
0.125***
|
0.018
|
0.046***
|
-0.008
|
-0.011
|
0.033*
|
|
|
(0.007)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.016)
|
(0.015)
|
(0.015)
|
(0.017)
|
|
years_in_us
|
0.001
|
0.000***
|
-0.002
|
-0.001
|
-0.010
|
-0.010
|
-0.004
|
|
|
(0.005)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.013)
|
|
speak
|
0.036***
|
0.125***
|
0.013
|
0.029**
|
0.009
|
0.020*
|
0.010
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
householdSize
|
0.001
|
-0.000
|
-0.006
|
0.005
|
-0.004
|
0.008**
|
-0.001
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
|
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa
|
-0.016
|
-0.000***
|
0.019
|
0.036
|
0.006
|
-0.155***
|
-0.005
|
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedIraq
|
0.043***
|
-0.000*
|
0.167***
|
0.070**
|
-0.067**
|
0.045
|
0.027
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedOther
|
-0.006
|
-0.000***
|
0.060**
|
-0.005
|
-0.049*
|
-0.080***
|
0.035
|
|
|
(0.013)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.029)
|
|
bcountryBinnedSomalia
|
0.010
|
-0.000
|
0.007
|
-0.079*
|
-0.037
|
-0.067
|
0.207***
|
|
|
(0.025)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.057)
|
(0.046)
|
(0.055)
|
(0.049)
|
(0.053)
|
|
bcountryBinnedUkraine
|
0.034**
|
-0.000**
|
0.217***
|
-0.016
|
0.006
|
-0.096***
|
0.031
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
educationTercilesMedium education
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.028
|
0.002
|
0.032
|
-0.030
|
-0.013
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.022)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.021)
|
|
educationTercilesHigh education
|
0.007
|
-0.000
|
0.096***
|
0.017
|
0.043
|
-0.051**
|
-0.066**
|
|
|
(0.012)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.023)
|
(0.026)
|
|
read:years_in_us
|
0.001
|
0.000
|
0.004
|
0.001
|
0.004
|
0.003
|
0.003
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.004)
|
|
R2
|
0.516
|
1.000
|
0.219
|
0.200
|
0.071
|
0.110
|
0.085
|
|
Adj. R2
|
0.509
|
1.000
|
0.209
|
0.189
|
0.058
|
0.098
|
0.073
|
|
Num. obs.
|
889
|
1031
|
980
|
1010
|
952
|
1014
|
1002
|
|
RMSE
|
0.297
|
0.000
|
0.696
|
0.658
|
0.655
|
0.636
|
0.681
|
|
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1
|
Speak \(\times\) Years in US
Statistical models
|
|
Overall
|
Linguistic
|
Political
|
Social
|
Economic
|
Psychological
|
Navigational
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.209***
|
-0.250***
|
0.114*
|
-0.003
|
0.439***
|
0.711***
|
0.381***
|
|
|
(0.022)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.058)
|
(0.044)
|
(0.050)
|
(0.049)
|
(0.056)
|
|
female
|
-0.022***
|
-0.000
|
-0.019
|
-0.017
|
-0.073***
|
-0.038**
|
-0.004
|
|
|
(0.008)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.016)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.018)
|
|
read
|
0.042***
|
0.125***
|
0.034***
|
0.048***
|
0.007
|
0.001
|
0.043***
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
speak
|
0.034***
|
0.125***
|
0.008
|
0.035**
|
-0.014
|
0.005
|
0.004
|
|
|
(0.007)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.016)
|
(0.015)
|
(0.015)
|
(0.017)
|
|
years_in_us
|
0.003
|
0.000
|
0.007
|
0.007
|
-0.016*
|
-0.011
|
-0.000
|
|
|
(0.005)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.012)
|
|
householdSize
|
0.001
|
-0.000***
|
-0.006
|
0.005
|
-0.004
|
0.008**
|
-0.001
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
|
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa
|
-0.016
|
0.000**
|
0.020
|
0.037
|
0.005
|
-0.156***
|
-0.005
|
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedIraq
|
0.044***
|
0.000***
|
0.169***
|
0.073**
|
-0.071**
|
0.044
|
0.027
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedOther
|
-0.006
|
0.000***
|
0.061**
|
-0.004
|
-0.050*
|
-0.081***
|
0.036
|
|
|
(0.013)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.029)
|
|
bcountryBinnedSomalia
|
0.010
|
0.000*
|
0.007
|
-0.080*
|
-0.038
|
-0.067
|
0.207***
|
|
|
(0.025)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.058)
|
(0.046)
|
(0.055)
|
(0.049)
|
(0.053)
|
|
bcountryBinnedUkraine
|
0.035**
|
0.000***
|
0.220***
|
-0.012
|
0.002
|
-0.099***
|
0.031
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
educationTercilesMedium education
|
0.000
|
-0.000
|
0.027
|
0.001
|
0.033
|
-0.028
|
-0.012
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.022)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.021)
|
|
educationTercilesHigh education
|
0.008
|
-0.000
|
0.098***
|
0.018
|
0.043
|
-0.050**
|
-0.065**
|
|
|
(0.012)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.023)
|
(0.026)
|
|
speak:years_in_us
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.001
|
-0.002
|
0.007**
|
0.004
|
0.002
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.003)
|
|
R2
|
0.515
|
1.000
|
0.218
|
0.200
|
0.074
|
0.110
|
0.084
|
|
Adj. R2
|
0.508
|
1.000
|
0.207
|
0.190
|
0.061
|
0.099
|
0.072
|
|
Num. obs.
|
889
|
1031
|
980
|
1010
|
952
|
1014
|
1002
|
|
RMSE
|
0.297
|
0.000
|
0.696
|
0.658
|
0.654
|
0.636
|
0.681
|
|
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1
|
Household size \(\times\) Years in US
Statistical models
|
|
Overall
|
Linguistic
|
Political
|
Social
|
Economic
|
Psychological
|
Navigational
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.183***
|
-0.250***
|
0.093*
|
0.030
|
0.359***
|
0.672***
|
0.281***
|
|
|
(0.022)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.055)
|
(0.043)
|
(0.055)
|
(0.050)
|
(0.050)
|
|
female
|
-0.023***
|
-0.000
|
-0.019
|
-0.016
|
-0.073***
|
-0.038**
|
-0.008
|
|
|
(0.008)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.016)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.018)
|
|
read
|
0.042***
|
0.125***
|
0.034***
|
0.049***
|
0.008
|
0.001
|
0.043***
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
speak
|
0.036***
|
0.125***
|
0.013
|
0.029**
|
0.009
|
0.020*
|
0.009
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
householdSize
|
0.005*
|
-0.000
|
-0.005
|
0.002
|
-0.001
|
0.008
|
0.018**
|
|
|
(0.003)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
|
years_in_us
|
0.011**
|
-0.000
|
0.013
|
-0.002
|
0.008
|
-0.000
|
0.031***
|
|
|
(0.005)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.010)
|
|
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa
|
-0.015
|
0.000*
|
0.021
|
0.036
|
0.007
|
-0.154***
|
-0.001
|
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.031)
|
|
bcountryBinnedIraq
|
0.044***
|
0.000***
|
0.170***
|
0.071**
|
-0.063**
|
0.049*
|
0.026
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.031)
|
|
bcountryBinnedOther
|
-0.006
|
0.000*
|
0.062**
|
-0.005
|
-0.048*
|
-0.078***
|
0.035
|
|
|
(0.013)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.029)
|
|
bcountryBinnedSomalia
|
0.013
|
0.000
|
0.007
|
-0.081*
|
-0.037
|
-0.067
|
0.217***
|
|
|
(0.024)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.058)
|
(0.046)
|
(0.055)
|
(0.049)
|
(0.053)
|
|
bcountryBinnedUkraine
|
0.035**
|
0.000*
|
0.222***
|
-0.015
|
0.010
|
-0.093***
|
0.033
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
educationTercilesMedium education
|
-0.000
|
-0.000
|
0.026
|
0.002
|
0.032
|
-0.030
|
-0.015
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.022)
|
(0.020)
|
(0.021)
|
|
educationTercilesHigh education
|
0.007
|
-0.000**
|
0.098***
|
0.018
|
0.044*
|
-0.049**
|
-0.068***
|
|
|
(0.012)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.023)
|
(0.025)
|
|
householdSize:years_in_us
|
-0.001*
|
-0.000**
|
-0.000
|
0.001
|
-0.001
|
0.000
|
-0.006***
|
|
|
(0.001)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.002)
|
(0.002)
|
(0.002)
|
(0.002)
|
(0.002)
|
|
R2
|
0.517
|
1.000
|
0.217
|
0.200
|
0.068
|
0.108
|
0.095
|
|
Adj. R2
|
0.510
|
1.000
|
0.207
|
0.189
|
0.055
|
0.096
|
0.083
|
|
Num. obs.
|
889
|
1031
|
980
|
1010
|
952
|
1014
|
1002
|
|
RMSE
|
0.297
|
0.000
|
0.696
|
0.658
|
0.656
|
0.637
|
0.677
|
|
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1
|
Education terciles \(\times\) Years in US
Statistical models
|
|
Overall
|
Linguistic
|
Political
|
Social
|
Economic
|
Psychological
|
Navigational
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.213***
|
-0.250***
|
0.124**
|
0.021
|
0.394***
|
0.694***
|
0.384***
|
|
|
(0.021)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.050)
|
(0.040)
|
(0.046)
|
(0.043)
|
(0.049)
|
|
female
|
-0.022***
|
0.000***
|
-0.021
|
-0.017
|
-0.074***
|
-0.039**
|
-0.006
|
|
|
(0.009)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.018)
|
|
read
|
0.042***
|
0.125***
|
0.032**
|
0.048***
|
0.007
|
-0.000
|
0.042***
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
speak
|
0.036***
|
0.125***
|
0.015
|
0.029**
|
0.009
|
0.021*
|
0.012
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.013)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.012)
|
(0.013)
|
|
householdSize
|
0.001
|
0.000***
|
-0.006
|
0.005
|
-0.004
|
0.009**
|
-0.001
|
|
|
(0.002)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.004)
|
|
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa
|
-0.016
|
0.000***
|
0.023
|
0.036
|
0.007
|
-0.156***
|
-0.002
|
|
|
(0.014)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedIraq
|
0.043***
|
0.000***
|
0.168***
|
0.070**
|
-0.066**
|
0.041
|
0.027
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.032)
|
|
bcountryBinnedOther
|
-0.006
|
0.000***
|
0.065**
|
-0.005
|
-0.046*
|
-0.080***
|
0.039
|
|
|
(0.013)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.026)
|
(0.029)
|
|
bcountryBinnedSomalia
|
0.013
|
0.000*
|
0.017
|
-0.078*
|
-0.032
|
-0.061
|
0.215***
|
|
|
(0.025)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.057)
|
(0.047)
|
(0.055)
|
(0.049)
|
(0.054)
|
|
bcountryBinnedUkraine
|
0.037**
|
0.000***
|
0.231***
|
-0.014
|
0.016
|
-0.089***
|
0.042
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.032)
|
|
educationTercilesMedium education
|
-0.013
|
0.000
|
-0.033
|
-0.004
|
-0.008
|
-0.061*
|
-0.063*
|
|
|
(0.017)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.039)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.037)
|
(0.035)
|
(0.037)
|
|
educationTercilesHigh education
|
-0.009
|
0.000**
|
0.061
|
0.009
|
0.008
|
-0.110***
|
-0.092**
|
|
|
(0.018)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.041)
|
(0.037)
|
(0.044)
|
(0.036)
|
(0.043)
|
|
years_in_us
|
0.002
|
0.000
|
0.003
|
0.000
|
-0.003
|
-0.007
|
-0.002
|
|
|
(0.004)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
|
educationTercilesMedium education:years_in_us
|
0.004
|
-0.000
|
0.017
|
0.002
|
0.012
|
0.009
|
0.014
|
|
|
(0.005)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.010)
|
|
educationTercilesHigh education:years_in_us
|
0.005
|
0.000***
|
0.011
|
0.002
|
0.010
|
0.016**
|
0.008
|
|
|
(0.005)
|
(0.000)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.010)
|
|
R2
|
0.516
|
1.000
|
0.221
|
0.200
|
0.070
|
0.112
|
0.087
|
|
Adj. R2
|
0.508
|
1.000
|
0.209
|
0.188
|
0.056
|
0.100
|
0.074
|
|
Num. obs.
|
889
|
1031
|
980
|
1010
|
952
|
1014
|
1002
|
|
RMSE
|
0.297
|
0.000
|
0.695
|
0.659
|
0.656
|
0.636
|
0.681
|
|
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1
|
Social